Torrent Sodium Valproate

Key:NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N YValproate ( VPA), and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms, are medications primarily used to treat and and to prevent. They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with,. They can be given or by mouth. Long and short acting formulations of tablets exist.Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, and a dry mouth.

• Valproate Sodium Injection

Serious side effects can include liver problems and regular monitoring of is therefore recommended. Other serious risks include and an increased risk. The drug is known to cause serious abnormalities in the baby if taken during. Because of this it is not typically recommended in women of childbearing age who have migraines.It is unclear exactly how valproate works. Proposed mechanisms include affecting levels, blocking, and inhibiting. Valproic acid is a branched (SCFA) made from.Valproate was first made in 1881 and came into medical use in 1962.

Valproate is included in the, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a. It is available as a. The wholesale cost in the is between 0.14 and US$0.52 per day. In the United States, it costs roughly US$0.90 per day. It is marketed under the brand names Depakote and Epilim, among others. In 2016 it was the 129th most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 5 million prescriptions.

Contents.Terminology Valproic acid (VPA) is an weak. The is valproate. The sodium of the acid is sodium valproate and a of the two is known as valproate semisodium.

Medical uses It is used primarily to treat. It is also used to prevent.

Epilepsy Valproate has a broad spectrum of activity, although it is primarily used as a first-line treatment for, and and as a second-line treatment for. It has also been successfully given to treat. Mental illness Bipolar disorder Valproate products are also used to treat manic or mixed episodes of. Schizophrenia A 2016 compared the efficacy of valproate as an add-on for people with: SummaryThere is limited evidence that the augmentation of with valproate may be effective for overall response and also for specific symptoms, especially in terms of excitement and aggression. Evidence was entirely based on open. Valproate was associated with a number of adverse events among which sedation and dizziness appeared significantly more frequently than in the control groups.OutcomeFindings in wordsFindings in numbersQuality of evidenceGlobal outcomeClinically significant responseWhen added to antipsychotic drugs valproate probably increases the chance of improvement. Data are based on moderate quality evidence.1.31 (1.16 to 1.47)Leaving the study early for any reasonValproate in combination with antipsychotics may slightly reduce the chance of leaving the study early, but the difference between the two treatments is not clear.

Most common adverse effects include:. Nausea (22%). (19%). Dizziness (12%). Vomiting (12%).

(10%)Serious adverse effects include:. Bleeding. Suicidal behavior and thoughts.Valproic acid has a for, and fetal abnormalities. Other possible side effects There is evidence that valproic acid may cause premature growth plate in children and adolescents, resulting in decreased height.

Valproic acid can also cause, a dilation of the pupils. There is evidence that shows valproic acid may increase the chance of (PCOS) in women with epilepsy or bipolar disorder. Studies have shown this risk of PCOS is higher in women with epilepsy compared to those with bipolar disorder. Weight gain is also possible. Pregnancy Valproate causes birth defects; exposure during is associated with about three times as many major abnormalities as usual, mainly with the risks being related to the strength of medication used and use of more than one drug. More rarely, with several other defects, including a 'valproate syndrome'. Characteristics of this valproate syndrome include facial features that tend to evolve with age, including a, tall forehead with bifrontal narrowing, medial deficiency of eyebrows, flat nasal bridge, broad, anteverted nares, shallow, long upper lip and thin, thick lower lip and small downturned mouth.

While is usually associated with altered physical characteristics , this is not always the case.Children of mothers taking valproate during pregnancy are at risk for lower. Maternal valproate use during pregnancy has been associated with a significantly higher probability of in the offspring. A 2005 study found rates of autism among children exposed to sodium valproate before birth in the cohort studied were 8.9%. The normal incidence for autism in the general population is estimated at less than one percent.

A 2009 study found that the 3-year-old children of pregnant women taking valproate had an IQ nine points lower than that of a well-matched control group. However, further research in older children and adults is needed.Sodium valproate has been associated with the rare condition upgaze of childhood, also known as Ouvrier–Billson syndrome, from childhood or fetal exposure. This condition resolved after discontinuing valproate therapy.Women who intend to become pregnant should switch to a different medication if possible, or decrease their dose of valproate. Women who become pregnant while taking valproate should be warned that it causes birth defects and cognitive impairment in the newborn, especially at high doses (although valproate is sometimes the only drug that can control seizures, and seizures in pregnancy could have even worse consequences). Studies have shown that taking can reduce the risk of congenital defects. Elderly Valproate in elderly people with dementia caused increased sleepiness.

More people stopped the medication for this reason. Additional side effects of weight loss and decreased food intake was also associated in one half of people who become sleepy. Contraindications Contraindications include:.

Pre-existing acute or chronic liver dysfunction or family history of severe (hepatitis), particularly medicine related. Known to valproate or any of the ingredients used in the preparation. Hepatic. Hepatotoxicity.Interactions Valproate inhibits, and and is highly protein bound and hence may interact with drugs that are substrates for any of these enzymes or are highly protein bound themselves. It may also potentiate the CNS depressant effects of alcohol.

It should not be given in conjunction with other antiepileptics due to the potential for reduced clearance of other antiepileptics (including, and ) and itself. It may also interact with:.: may increase valproate concentrations. This section needs expansion. You can help. ( August 2017)Metabolism The vast majority of valproate occurs in the.

In adult patients taking valproate alone, 30–50% of an administered dose is excreted in as a. The other major pathway in the metabolism of valproate is, which typically accounts for over 40% of an administered dose.

Typically, less than 20% of an administered dose is eliminated by other oxidative mechanisms. Less than 3% of an administered dose of valproate is excreted unchanged (i.e., as valproate) in urine.Valproate is known to be metabolized by the:,.

It is also known to be metabolized by the enzymes:,. Some of the known metabolites of valproate by these enzymes and uncharacterized enzymes include: 2-ene-valproic acid, 3Z-ene-valproic acid, 3E-ene-valproic acid, 4-ene-valproic acid, valproic acid β-O-glucuronide, 3-oxovalproic acid, and, among others. Chemistry Valproic acid is a branched and a derivative of. History Valproic acid was first synthesized in 1882 by as an of, found naturally in. Valproic acid is a, a clear liquid at room temperature. For many decades, its only use was in laboratories as a 'metabolically inert' solvent for organic compounds.

In 1962, the French researcher Pierre Eymard serendipitously discovered the anticonvulsant properties of valproic acid while using it as a vehicle for a number of other compounds that were being screened for antiseizure activity. He found it prevented -induced convulsions in. It was approved as an antiepileptic drug in 1967 in France and has become the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drug worldwide. Valproic acid has also been used for migraine and bipolar disorder. Society and culture Cost It is available as a. The wholesale cost in the is between $0.14 and $0.52 per day.

In the European Union, end-user costs are less than 0.60 EUR for an average daily dose in Germany. In the United States, it costs about $0.90 USD per day. Key:AEQFSUDEHCCHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M YValproate exists in two main molecular variants: sodium valproate and valproic acid without sodium (often implied by simply valproate). A mixture between these two is termed semisodium valproate. It is unclear whether there is any difference in efficacy between these variants, except from the fact that about 10% more of sodium valproate is needed than valproic acid without sodium to compensate for the sodium itself. Brand names of valproic acid Branded products include.

Valproate Sodium Injection

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